What is paid, and for what
Almost no page says what a model builder paid. What vendors do publish is what they pay the people who make the data, what they offer companies for their records, and now and then a price of their own.
Each of the 125 figures here is quoted from the page it links to, and the words beside the link are the page's own. The short description of what is being paid for is a model's, checked by a second run of the same model and by no person. A job listing shows what a vendor offers, not what anyone accepted; a company's own page is its claim. Listings are taken down, so a link may no longer show what was read on the day given. Many more figures were found than are shown: one is shown only where the page, fetched under this site's rules, states it in a single passage. How this is made.
Paid by the hour 74
- 1XRobot data-collection operator, San Carlos (in-house)$28 – $36 per hour, offers equity
$28 – $36 per hour • Offers Equity
job listing read 2026-10-11 - AppenJapanese Kansai dialect speech recording$40 per valid hour
✅$40 per valid hour
job listing read 2026-10-11 - AppenThree-dimensional and LiDAR data annotation analyst (US)$30 - $32 an hour
$30 - $32 an hour
job listing read 2026-10-11 - AppenFirst-person household-task video collector, Kuala Lumpur$3.60 an hour
$3.60 - $3.60 an hour This role is a project-based opportunity wi
job listing read 2026-10-11 - AppenTranscription, Hebrew$100.00 per audio hour
- $100.00 per audio hour - 0.2 audio hours/hour × 10 hours/week =
job listing read 2026-10-11 - ApturaHourly contract role at Aptura$100/hour
Hourly: $100/hour
job listing read 2026-10-15 - Besimple AIHourly role, San Mateo or remote US$25 - $45 / hourly
San Mateo, CA, US / Remote (US) $25 - $45 / hourly Any (new grads ok)
job listing read 2026-10-15 - Besimple AIHourly role, San Mateo or remote US$30 - $50 / hourly
San Mateo, CA, US / Remote (US) $30 - $50 / hourly Any (new grads ok)
job listing read 2026-10-15 - CentificPhysician clinical reasoning reviewer for EHR cases, via OneForma$150 USD per hour
Pay: $150 USD per hour
job listing read 2026-10-14 - Contra LabsPay ceiling for paid briefs on Contra Labsup to $100/hr
Paid briefs up to $100/hr.
job listing read 2026-10-14 - David AITelugu (Indic) transcriberup to $110 USD / audio hour transcribed
up to $110 USD / audio hour transcribed
job listing read 2026-10-11 - David AIEnglish video conversation partner$50 per recorded hour
$50 per recorded hour
job listing read 2026-10-11 - Deccan AIContributor earnings range on its platform, stated by founderabout $10 to $700 per hour
Reddy said earnings on Deccan’s platform range from about $10 to $700 per hour, with top contributors earning up to $7,000 a month.
the company's own page read 2026-10-15 - Deccan AIMathematics SME freelancer, India, job-board copy of posting₹2,000/hour
Competitive hourly pay: ₹2,000/hour
job listing read 2026-10-15 - Deccan AIAgentic AI data annotator freelancer, India, job-board copy of posting₹1,500/hour
Competitive hourly pay: ₹1,500/hour
job listing read 2026-10-15 - FigureSensor-suit motion data creator (in-house)$30/hr
$30/hr
job listing read 2026-10-11 - Fleet AIUS lawyer or senior paralegal writing legal tasks$150–$200 USD per hour
nd reviews submitted deliverables.\n\n## Fees\n- **Rate:** $150–$200 USD per hour.\n- **Increases and bonuses:** Top performers
job listing read 2026-10-11 - Fleet AIMechanical engineering specialistInitial hourly fees are $60–$100 USD. Rates may increase up to $150 USD
inst the agreed requirements. Fees Initial hourly fees are $60–$100 USD. Rates may increase up to $150 USD based on the quality of completed deliverables. Initial
job listing read 2026-10-11 - General ReasoningNVIDIA GPU time on OpenReward, per GPU-hour$1.51
NVIDIA L4 $1.51 per GPU / hr
the company's own page read 2026-10-15 - General ReasoningvCPU time on OpenReward, per vCPU-hour$0.0504
$0.0504 per vCPU / hr
the company's own page read 2026-10-15 - HalluminatePrivate equity expert$150-$250/hour
Private Equity ($150-$250/hour)
job listing read 2026-10-11 - HalluminateFP&A expert$100-$200/hour
FP&A ($100-$200/hour)
job listing read 2026-10-11 - Handshake AIRadiology professionalUp to $300/hr
up Log in Sign up Radiology Professional Sign up now Up to $300/hr Depending on the project Bachelor's Remote Part-time Fle
job listing read 2026-10-11 - Handshake AIQGIS specialistUp to $125/hr
n Sign up Log in Sign up QGIS Specialist Sign up now Up to $125/hr Depending on the project Bachelor's , Master's , Ph.D's
job listing read 2026-10-11 - Handshake AIAI trainer (bachelor's, master's and PhD holders)Up to $200/hr
helor's, Master's and PhDs) - AI Trainer Sign up now Up to $200/hr Depending on the project Remote Part-time Flexible hours
job listing read 2026-10-11 - Handshake AIJailbreak (adversarial prompt) writer$45 up to $65 hourly
and improve system defenses. Details Hourly rates start at $45 and extend up to $65 depending on prior experience with adversarial testing. The
job listing read 2026-10-11 - Handshake AIChemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and explosives red-teamer$65 – $158 per hour
$65 – $158 per hour
job listing read 2026-10-11 - Handshake AIOn-site mental-health safety policy grader, Seattle$45 – $65 per hour
$45 – $65 per hour
job listing read 2026-10-11 - Invisible TechnologiesCoding task auditor (SWE-Bench, Kubernetes, GPU kernels and others)$60 per hour
We offer a pay rate of $60 per hour, with the exact rate determined after evaluating y
job listing read 2026-10-11 - Invisible TechnologiesThree-dimensional modeller scripting geometry$22 per hour
We offer a fixed pay rate of $22 per hour. As a contractor you’ll supply a secure computer a
job listing read 2026-10-11 - Invisible TechnologiesSector AI trainer (finance and insurance, government, healthcare, retail and others)$10-$30 per hour
We offer a pay range of $10-$30 per hour, with the exact rate determined after evaluating y
job listing read 2026-10-11 - Invisible TechnologiesSmall-business owner testing an AI assistant$40-$50 per hour
We offer a pay range of $40-$50 per hour, with the exact rate determined after evaluating y
job listing read 2026-10-11 - Invisible TechnologiesBusiness owner auditing AI descriptions of local shops$25-to-$100 per hour
We offer a pay range of $25-to-$100 per hour, with the exact rate determined after evaluating y
job listing read 2026-10-11 - Invisible TechnologiesGarment factory quality-control specialist$6-to-$15 per hour
We offer a pay range of $6-to-$15 per hour, with the exact rate determined after evaluating y
job listing read 2026-10-11 - Invisible TechnologiesRoad-surface inspector labelling pavement images$6 - $20 per hour
We offer a pay range of $6 - $20 per hour, with the exact rate determined after evaluating y
job listing read 2026-10-11 - Invisible TechnologiesPolice officer or detective reviewing model answers$6 to $65 per hour
We offer a pay range of $6 to $65 per hour, with the exact rate determined after evaluating y
job listing read 2026-10-11 - Labelbox (and Alignerr)Software developer building own project with an AI coding assistant$60-120/hr
Paid to Build Your Own Project with an AI Coding Assistant $60-120/hr Remote Freelance CODING About the Role
job listing read 2026-10-11 - Labelbox (and Alignerr)Lean proof formaliser for advanced math$170–$200/hr
Get paid $170–$200/hr to formalize advanced math proofs in Lean 4 for cutting-
job listing read 2026-10-11 - Labelbox (and Alignerr)Finance and accounting task author$60-120/hr
ack to jobs Finance & Accounting Task Author (AI Training) $60-120/hr Remote Freelance OTHER About the Role
job listing read 2026-10-11 - Labelbox (and Alignerr)Robotics technician (remote freelance)$40-120/hr
ss Stories FAQs Apply Now Back to jobs Robotics Technician $40-120/hr Remote Freelance GENERAL About the Role
job listing read 2026-10-11 - Labelbox (and Alignerr)Low-resource-language audio transcription lead$15-35/hr
$15-35/hr
job listing read 2026-10-11 - LuelHebrew text reading$42/hour
nversation recordings at $18/hour, Hebrew text readings at $42/hour, origami videos at $10.20/hour, and so on. All uploade
press report read 2026-10-11 - MercorFirst-person work video, paid to the business$12 to $18 per approved hour
Rates range from $12 to $18 per approved hour and depend on the kind of work your team
the company's own page read 2026-10-11 - micro1AI training roles (flexible, remote)$40-$200 / hr
ntial treatment for AI training roles paying anywhere from $40-$200 / hr with flexible remote schedules De-identification at ev
job listing read 2026-10-11 - micro1Plumber (open opportunity)$20 - $30/hour
Get paid on a biweekly basis Open opportunities Plumbers $20 - $30/hour Apply
job listing read 2026-10-11 - micro1 — robotics departmentRobot teleoperator$30–$55/hour
bot Teleoperator Global Remote Contract Posted 27 Jun 2026 $30–$55/hour
job listing read 2026-10-11 - micro1 — robotics departmentRobot wrangler, fleet operations, Los Angeles$10–$20/hr
micro1 Fleet Operations Robot Wrangler - Operations micro1 $10–$20/hr Los Angeles, Cali Contract Posted 2w ago Apply on micro1
job listing read 2026-10-11 - microAGI (microagi GmbH) — Shift and AtlasRecording of a contributor's everyday workup to $20/Hour
Earn up to $20/Hour Recording the Work You Already Do | Shift For Individu
job listing read 2026-10-11 - Miso MotionPay per accepted hour of recording₩5,000–₩15,000
Accepted recording hours pay ₩5,000–₩15,000. Most projects are expected to pay around ₩8,000–₩10,000, and specialized activities or harder-to-source environments may pay more.
the company's own page read 2026-10-14 - OpenTrain AIRate band listed for a safety red-team analyst role$70-100/hr
Safety Red Team Analyst$70-100/hr
the company's own page read 2026-10-15 - OpenTrain AIRate band listed for a medical RLHF reviewer role$55-80/hr
Medical RLHF Reviewer$55-80/hr
the company's own page read 2026-10-15 - OpenTrain AIRate band listed for a code generation evaluator role$60-90/hr
Code Generation Evaluator$60-90/hr
the company's own page read 2026-10-15 - OpenTrain AIRate band listed for a multilingual AI trainer role$30-50/hr
Multilingual AI Trainer$30-50/hr
the company's own page read 2026-10-15 - OpenTrain AIListed rate for an RLHF prompt-and-response review job$34/hr
Prompt & Response Review — RLHF $34/hr
job listing read 2026-10-15 - Outlier (Scale AI's contractor brand)Contract recruiter for high-volume contributor roles$40 to $55/hr
The hourly salary range for this position is $40 to $55/hr. This is a remote position with occasional travels requi
job listing read 2026-10-11 - PolymathSoftware engineer hourly rate, US$50–$200/hr
US: $50–$200/hr
job listing read 2026-10-14 - PolymathSoftware engineer hourly rate, Canada, UK or Western Europe$40–$150/hr
Canada / UK / Western Europe: $40–$150/hr
job listing read 2026-10-14 - PolymathSoftware engineer hourly rate, India, Eastern Europe or Latin America$20–$70/hr
India / Eastern Europe / Latin America: $20–$70/hr
job listing read 2026-10-14 - Rise Data LabsExpert hourly rate on Rise Data Labs$150/hour
Rate: $150/hour
job listing read 2026-10-15 - RunloopCPU compute on Runloop, per CPU-hour$0.108 / CPU-hr
$0.108 / CPU-hr
the company's own page read 2026-10-14 - Scale AIResearch adviser role across three domains$300/hr
Competitive Pay: We are offering $300/hr. USD for this role across all three domains.
job listing read 2026-10-11 - Snorkel AIPhD-student research fellow building benchmarks$85-$165+/hour
Hourly ranges from $85-$165+/hour. Actual compensation will be determined based on fact
job listing read 2026-10-11 - SuperAnnotateMedical doctor specialist, hourly pay ceiling, job-board copyUp to $150/hr
Up to $150/hr
job listing read 2026-10-15 - SuperAnnotateLegal and compliance rubric specialist, hourly pay ceiling, job-board copyUp to $120/hr
Up to $120/hr
job listing read 2026-10-15 - SuperAnnotateRadiologist, hourly pay ceiling, job-board copyUp to $120/hr
Up to $120/hr
job listing read 2026-10-15 - SuperAnnotateSTEM rubric specialist, hourly pay ceiling, job-board copyUp to $100/hr
Up to $100/hr
job listing read 2026-10-15 - SuperAnnotateCustomer service expert, hourly pay ceiling, job-board copyUp to $23/hr
Up to $23/hr
job listing read 2026-10-15 - Surge AISenior software engineer building coding RL environments$100–$150+/hour
Make $200–300k+/year. Start the coding screen At a glance $100–$150+/hour Pay scales with your expertise 20-40+ hrs/week What m
job listing read 2026-10-11 - Surge AIConsultant assessing AI in a professional domainFrom $60/hr
for applying · From $60/hr Apply now Healthcare Ops Assess AI handling of schedulin
job listing read 2026-10-11 - Surge AIExpert contractor, such as a journalist$200–400 / hour, contractor
$200–400 / hour, contractor Journalist ( NYT, New Yorker, Atlantic
job listing read 2026-10-11 - Toloka (and its contributor brand Mindrift)Entry-level contributor (Mindrift)$15-30 per hour
unities for leading tech companies. Apply now Entry-level: $15-30 per hour Domain experts: $60-100+/hr 90+ Domains, 20K AI Tr
job listing read 2026-10-11 - Toloka (and its contributor brand Mindrift)Domain expert (Mindrift)$60-100+/hr
es. Apply now Entry-level: $15-30 per hour Domain experts: $60-100+/hr 90+ Domains, 20K AI Trainers, 20+ Languages, 70% Master
job listing read 2026-10-11 - TuringSenior software engineer judging coding agents$100-150/hr
Senior Software Engineer - AI Evaluation / Coding Agents ($100-150/hr) Apply now
job listing read 2026-10-11 - Vetto AIHourly earnings a user can reach training models, per the companyR$ 350 e R$ 600 por hora
Segundo a startup, um usuário pode alcançar um ganho entre R$ 350 e R$ 600 por hora de treinamento prestado.
the company's own page read 2026-10-15
Salaries 18
- AbundantMember of Technical Staff, Research, San Francisco$135K - $350K
Member of Technical Staff, Research San Francisco $135K - $350K
job listing read 2026-10-15 - AbundantMember of Technical Staff, Platform Engineering, San Francisco$135K - $220K
Member of Technical Staff, Platform Engineering San Francisco $135K - $220K
job listing read 2026-10-15 - AbundantResearch Product Manager, San Francisco or remote US$120K - $285K
Research Product Manager (RPM) San Francisco / Remote (US) $120K - $285K
job listing read 2026-10-15 - Besimple AIRole based in San Mateo$140K - $160K
San Mateo, CA, US $140K - $160K Any (new grads ok)
job listing read 2026-10-15 - HalluminateForward deployed engineer (vendor staff)$215K - $275K
$215K - $275K
job listing read 2026-10-11 - IdlerRole based in San Francisco$200K - $500K
San Francisco $200K - $500K Any (new grads ok)
job listing read 2026-10-14 - IdlerRole based in San Francisco, with equity$200K - $500K
San Francisco $200K - $500K 0.50% - 1.50% Any (new grads ok)
job listing read 2026-10-14 - IdlerRole based in San Francisco, with equity$125K - $400K
San Francisco $125K - $400K 0.01% - 1.00% Any (new grads ok)
job listing read 2026-10-14 - micro1Senior technical research role (vendor staff)$600K - $2M/yr
L-Oriented Data Design Ops-to-Research Translation +1 Pay: $600K - $2M/yr Sep 14, 2026 Member of Technical Staff, Enterprise AI R
job listing read 2026-10-11 - micro1Director of robotics research (vendor staff)$1.5M - $4M/yr
Director of Robotics Research $1.5M - $4M/yr Apply Member of Technical Staff, Research Engineering $
job listing read 2026-10-11 - micro1Technical staff role in coding evaluation (vendor staff)$600K - $1.3M/yr
quired skills LLMs Coding Evaluation AI Evaluation +1 Pay: $600K - $1.3M/yr Sep 22, 2026 Member of Technical Staff, Legal Research
job listing read 2026-10-11 - PlatoResearch engineer (vendor staff)$200K – $400K
$200K – $400K
job listing read 2026-10-11 - Preference ModelPerformance bonus (vendor staff)Bonus range of $0 to $300K+ based on performance
0K – $350K • Offers Equity • Offers Bonus • Bonus range of $0 to $300K+ based on performance
job listing read 2026-10-11 - ReveloPay a senior full-stack engineer commands through Revelo$111k–$128k
A senior full-stack engineer with 6+ years of experience commands $111k–$128k through Revelo
the company's own page read 2026-10-15 - Scale AIData acquisition lead (vendor staff)$182400 - $228000 USD
n in the locations of San Francisco, New York, Seattle is: $182400 - $228000 USD PLEASE NOTE: Our policy requires a 90-day waiting peri
job listing read 2026-10-11 - SieveRole based in San Francisco$130K - $250K
$130K - $250K• San Francisco
job listing read 2026-10-15 - SymbalFounding strategic projects lead at Symbal, recruiter listing$130,000–$175,000 base + uncapped OTE
Compensation: $130,000–$175,000 base + uncapped OTE + competitive equity
job listing read 2026-10-14 - Vals AIFounding head of partnerships (vendor staff)$150K - $200K
$150K - $200K
job listing read 2026-10-11
Paid by the task 9
- Epoch AIRL environment task$200 to $2000 mostly. $20k per task would be rare but possible.
so vary, but multiple interviewees agreed on a ballpark of $200-$2000 per task. As one RL environment founder put it: “I’ve seen $200 to $2000 mostly. $20k per task would be rare but possible.” A neolab researcher
the company's own page read 2026-10-11 - KledPersonal financial document, per formup to $50-$150 per form
nymized with 0 personal data leaked. Expected pay is up to $50-$150 per form. Live with our V3 update, currently being fulfille
the company's own page read 2026-10-11 - ParsewaveFreelance coding task designer, pay per accepted task$80 per accepted task, $90 for excellent ones
Pick up tasks when it suits you. $80 per accepted task, $90 for excellent ones.
job listing read 2026-10-14 - ParsewaveFreelance Elixir or Erlang task designer, job-board posting$80 USD per accepted submission, up to $90
Pay: $80 USD per accepted submission, up to $90 for excellent work. Each task takes roughly 2 hours on average.
job listing read 2026-10-15 - Prime IntellectSmaller environment bounty$100-500
vironments Hub ecosystem, and have smaller bounties in the $100-500 range.
the company's own page read 2026-10-11 - TroveoRL environment task200 to 2000 dollars per task in most cases
Publicly reported prices run from 200 to 2000 dollars per task in most cases, up to about 20000 dollars f
the company's own page read 2026-10-11 - TuringLawyer writing legal tasks$400/approved task
AHT (Average handling time) per task - Rates per task - $400/approved task Timezone: PST Engagement Type: Contract Creat
job listing read 2026-10-11 - TuringEngineer cloning office software and writing tasks on it$300 per approved task
details Engagement type: Contractor, pay per task Payment: $300 per approved task Commitment: Minimum of 1 completed and ap
job listing read 2026-10-11 - TuringEngineering-discipline expert writing terminal tasks$300/per approved task
pected start date is next week] Payment type: Pay Per Task $300/per approved task Create an account Already have an account
job listing read 2026-10-11
Offered for one company's records 10
- Handshake AICompany data partnership$100K to $4M+
to license your company data. Partnerships can range from $100K to $4M+ depending on the data shared. Data is de-identified, and
the company's own page read 2026-10-11 - Handshake AIEstimated payout range for an example company's data, USA (indicative, not an offer)$383083 - $896969
nd compliance all happen seamlessly Estimated payout range $383083 - $896969 Number of employees 100 Years of operation 10 Country USA C
the company's own page read 2026-10-11 - Handshake AIReferral bounty for referring a company$10K
Sign up Log in Sign up Log in Sign up Refer a company, get $10K Earn by helping companies monetize the data they already h
the company's own page read 2026-10-11 - micro1Qualified enterprise data partnership tier$100k+
on the quality, uniqueness, and value of the data provided $100k+ Qualified Enterprise Data Partnerships $500k+ Large-scale
the company's own page read 2026-10-11 - micro1Large-scale operational datasets or ongoing participation tier$500k+
ata provided $100k+ Qualified Enterprise Data Partnerships $500k+ Large-scale operational datasets or ongoing participation
the company's own page read 2026-10-11 - micro1Referral bounty for referring a company$50000
Refer a company to micro1, earn $50000
the company's own page read 2026-10-11 - Scale AICompany data partnership (illustrative value)$10K–$1M+ illustrative value per data partnership
0 yrs building the data infrastructure behind frontier AI $10K–$1M+ illustrative value per data partnership, scaling with cad
the company's own page read 2026-10-11 - Scale AIReferral bonus per referred companyup to $50000
nue. How do referrals work? Refer a company and earn up to $50000 bonus. Referrals must be submitted through the official ref
the company's own page read 2026-10-11 - SimpleClosure AssetHubSums promised to founders in ads from company-data buyers$1 million, $3 million, even $5 million
ere are ads from companies like SHFA.ai promising founders $1 million, $3 million, even $5 million. Those numbers can make a new company look like an
the company's own page read 2026-10-11 - TroveoMercor's figure for an airline's records (vendor's summary)7.5 million
ines' records, Micro1 at 12.5 million dollars and Mercor at 7.5 million. In late 2025 Turing launched a program to acquire
the company's own page read 2026-10-11
For a dataset 1
- FirstsourceSingle-task robot teleoperation dataset$50K–$200K
Robotics 2025 (Sep 2025) A single-task robot dataset costs $50K–$200K $50K+ That is the total cost for a production-grade teleop
the company's own page read 2026-10-11
Other sums 13
- ApturaFee per selected task idea, then hourly pay for rubric design$400 and then $100/hr
On Task Idea Selection: $400 and then $100/hr for evaluation / rubric design (no prev experience required, team will help with this)
job listing read 2026-10-14 - Defined.aiData partner licence income (several partners)more than $1 million annually
revenue potential. Several partners now generate more than $1 million annually by licensing proprietary datasets through
the company's own page read 2026-10-11 - FigureCommitted spend on data collection and computeover $1 billion to data collection and compute over the next 12 months
$15 million in payouts to contributors and committed over $1 billion to data collection and compute over the next 12 mon
press report read 2026-10-11 - Irregular (formerly Pattern Labs)Cost of specific harder cyber challengesspecific harder challenges approaching $100
rd challenges, with specific harder challenges approaching $100. The expense comes from scale – reliably estimating perform
the company's own page read 2026-10-11 - ManticForecasting question-writers (prize pool)$25000 USD prize pool for question-writers
r the disagreement, the greater the cash prize. There is a $25000 USD prize pool for question-writers. We are looking for que
the company's own page read 2026-10-11 - micro1Commitment to spend on enterprise data acquisition$1B over the next 12 months
micro1 announces commitment to spend $1B on enterprise data acquisition over the next 12 months
the company's own page read 2026-10-11 - micro1Referral payout on a company data licence or purchase7.5% of the total license or purchase price
the Referral Payout will equal seven and one-half percent (7.5%) of the total license or purchase price paid to Company in
published terms read 2026-10-11 - Mind LabMinimum cost of a first training run on its platform$1,000
We turned large-model training infrastructure into a service you can use, and dropped the first-training bar to $1,000.
the company's own page read 2026-10-14 - OpenTrain AIMarketplace fee on payments to talent, plus contract initiation fee10% + $9.95
10% marketplace fee on payments to talent, plus a $9.95 contract initiation fee when a new contract starts.
published terms read 2026-10-15 - PlatoCost of one benchmark run for a high-scoring model$652 and about five and a half hours per run
l, GPT-6 Astra at max (17.5%), but it also spends heavily: $652 and about five and a half hours per run. GPT-6.1 Sol reache
the company's own page read 2026-10-11 - SkildRobot operator, Pittsburgh (in-house)Base Salary Range $18 - $20 USD
Base Salary Range $18 - $20 USD Create a Job Alert Interested in building your career a
job listing read 2026-10-11 - Surge AISenior software engineer building coding RL environments, annual$200–300k+/year
s on the RL environments and benchmarks you'll build. Make $200–300k+/year. Start the coding screen At a glance $100–$150+/hour
job listing read 2026-10-11 - Tesla OptimusRobot data collection operator, Bay Area (in-house)25.25 - 34.50 USD
25.25 - 34.50 USD
job listing read 2026-10-11