Computer Programmers
Every task in this role, whether it passes the census's structural hand-over screen, which models pass it, and why. It is a screen, not a claim about what AI can do: a task can pass and still be beyond the systems of the day. The stricter and looser rules re-vote every task, and small differences between roles are noise.
Passes the screen · 2 of 17 tasks
Correct errors by making appropriate changes and rechecking the program to ensure that the desired results are produced.
quick to check, an existing check settles it, and a mistake is cheap · 10.7% of the role's time · $1.2B · passed by Claude Sonnet, GPT-6 Sol · the models disagreed
Investigate whether networks, workstations, the central processing unit of the system, or peripheral equipment are responding to a program's instructions.
quick to check, an existing check settles it, and a mistake is cheap · 3.1% of the role's time · $350M · passed by Gemini 3.1 Pro, GPT-6 Sol · the models disagreed
Does not pass
Write, analyze, review, and rewrite programs, using workflow chart and diagram, and applying knowledge of computer capabilities, subject matter, and symbolic logic.
reason given most often: no existing check settles it · 12.1% of the role's time · $1.3B · waiting on a check
Perform or direct revision, repair, or expansion of existing programs to increase operating efficiency or adapt to new requirements.
reason given most often: no existing check settles it · 10.7% of the role's time · $1.2B
Write, update, and maintain computer programs or software packages to handle specific jobs such as tracking inventory, storing or retrieving data, or controlling other equipment.
reason given most often: no existing check settles it · 9.8% of the role's time · $1.1B
Conduct trial runs of programs and software applications to be sure they will produce the desired information and that the instructions are correct.
reason given most often: no existing check settles it · 8.8% of the role's time · $983M · passed by Claude Sonnet · the models disagreed · waiting on a check
Consult with managerial, engineering, and technical personnel to clarify program intent, identify problems, and suggest changes.
reason given most often: nobody can tell quickly whether it worked, and no existing check settles it · 7.8% of the role's time · $864M
Compile and write documentation of program development and subsequent revisions, inserting comments in the coded instructions so others can understand the program.
reason given most often: no existing check settles it · 6.6% of the role's time · $737M · waiting on a check
Prepare detailed workflow charts and diagrams that describe input, output, and logical operation, and convert them into a series of instructions coded in a computer language.
reason given most often: no existing check settles it · 5.5% of the role's time · $608M · waiting on a check
Consult with and assist computer operators or system analysts to define and resolve problems in running computer programs.
reason given most often: no existing check settles it · 4.3% of the role's time · $476M
Perform systems analysis and programming tasks to maintain and control the use of computer systems software as a systems programmer.
reason given most often: nobody can tell quickly whether it worked, and no existing check settles it, and a failure is too expensive · 3.8% of the role's time · $418M
Train users on the use and function of computer programs.
reason given most often: nobody can tell quickly whether it worked, and no existing check settles it · 3.7% of the role's time · $411M
Assign, coordinate, and review work and activities of programming personnel.
reason given most often: nobody can tell quickly whether it worked, and no existing check settles it · 3.5% of the role's time · $394M
Develop Web sites.
reason given most often: no existing check settles it · 3.0% of the role's time · $338M
Write or contribute to instructions or manuals to guide end users.
reason given most often: no existing check settles it · 2.7% of the role's time · $303M · waiting on a check
Train subordinates in programming and program coding.
reason given most often: nobody can tell quickly whether it worked, and no existing check settles it · 2.3% of the role's time · $255M
Collaborate with computer manufacturers and other users to develop new programming methods.
reason given most often: nobody can tell quickly whether it worked, and no existing check settles it · 1.5% of the role's time · $169M
Where this role works
| Industry | Workers | Wage bill | Passes the screen | All three pass |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Computer Systems Design and Related Services | 37,700 | $3.7B | $512M | $0 |
| Colleges, Universities, and Professional Schools | 7260 | $672M | $92.9M | $0 |
| Software Publishers | 5050 | $653M | $90.1M | $0 |
| Scientific Research and Development Services | 4070 | $597M | $82.4M | $0 |
| State Government, excluding Schools and Hospitals (OEWS Designation) | 5000 | $468M | $64.6M | $0 |
| Management of Companies and Enterprises | 3850 | $419M | $57.9M | $0 |
| Computing Infrastructure Providers, Data Processing, Web Hosting, and Related Services | 3710 | $385M | $53.1M | $0 |
| Local Government, excluding Schools and Hospitals (OEWS Designation) | 3100 | $330M | $45.5M | $0 |
| Employment Services | 2540 | $315M | $43.5M | $0 |
| Aerospace Product and Parts Manufacturing | 1870 | $238M | $32.9M | $0 |